Structural analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Structural analysis - Essay Example This usually depends on wavelength of the radiation. The beams that enter the lens form an image by overlapping on each diffraction pattern. As per the below diagram, Rayleigh found out that distinction between two points would be possible if maximum of the first diffraction pattern matched with the minimum or the beginning of the second diffraction pattern. Therefore the distance d1 indicated is inversely proportional to diameter of the lens opening. In brief the gap r1 is dependent on wavelength ?, refractive index of the medium  µ and the angle formed by the beam ?. r1=d1/2=0.61 ?/ ( µ sin?). Therefore a high resolution or a lower value of r1 can be obtained by a shorter wavelength, a higher refractive index of the traversing medium and a smaller distance to the specimen causing a larger value of ( µsin?). When ordinary light-optical microscopes are used in air with refractive index=1, wavelengths of light being 400-700nm the maximum resolution that can be achieved is up to 200nm. Hence a magnification ratio above 1000 would be difficult to achieve. It is in these areas where a high amount of magnification is required that Electron microscopes prove the most beneficial. The Scanning Electron Microscope De Broglie’s relation describes the basic working principle of an electron microscope. The equation derived is ?= [1.5/ (V+ 10-6 V2)] 1/2 nm. Hence the wavelength can be adjusted by controlling the voltage of the electron beam. Electrons tend to get highly scattered in air and therefore a vacuum atmosphere needs to be maintained. Specimens also need to be made electrically conductive to avoid getting overcharged with electrons during testing. The diagram shows the main components of a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). These function in close cohesion in the running of seven prominent systems which are notably 1. Vacuum system- To prevent the scattering of electron beams a vacuum atmosphere is maintained to prevent dispersion. To achieve this two classes of pump are used. A low vacuum pump brings down the air pressure from atmosphere to 10-3 Torr and a high vacuum pump bring it further down from 10-3 Torr to 10-6 Torr. 2. Electron beam Generation system- This system produces the ‘illuminating’ or the primary electron beam for impingement on the sample. An electron gun generates the beam in a SEM. It is composed of a filament made of tungsten wire, Cerium Hexaboride or Lanthanum Hexaboride. A grid cap that directs the flow of electrons and a positively charged anode that accelerates the electrons onto the surface of the specimen. 3. Electron beam manipulation system- a system of lenses and coils control the shape, size and position of the electron beam to be directed on the sample surface. Electrostatic and magnetic fields control electron motion Electrostatic fields are found in the electron gun while magnetic field is present in the rest of the SEM. By passing electric current through a copper wire a magnetic field is made to form an electron microscope lens. A series of these lenses also known as condenser lens removes any kind of spherical aberration or astigmatism in the image. When the beam traverses the final condenser lens two sets of magnetic scanning coils move the beam thereby scanning in the X and Y direction in a raster pattern i.e the specimen is scanned from the upper left hand corner to the right corner after which it drops

Development and Diversity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Development and Diversity - Essay Example Later Thorndike added to the Pavlov’s theory by incorporating the idea of learning occurring when there was a â€Å"bond† between the stimuli and the response (Standridge, 2002). For Thorndike, the learner’s behavior could be adjusted by the presence of strong connections between the stimuli and response. B.F. Skinner added operant conditioning to the milieu and he established the concepts of reward and punishment. Rewards or praise connoted positive reinforcement. This type of reinforcement produced the necessary connections between the stimuli and response as posited by Thorndike. Likewise, punishment was considered to be negative reinforcement which causes the learner to reduce the inappropriate behavior. Skinner believed that although reinforcement increases learning, reinforcement that is given on an irregular basis allows the learning to be added to the long-term memory. Skinner’s operant conditioning was followed by Watson and eventually Guthrie est ablished his â€Å"contiguity (simultaneity of stimulus and response events)† theory (Lefrancois as cited in Standridge 2002). The behaviorist theorists all concluded that behavior could be changed through classical conditioning. In particular, behaviorist theorists combine reward and punishment in order to change the behavior of individuals. Thus, within a classroom setting, rewards and punishment are two dimensions of the behaviorist theory that still have great impact on the day to day operation of the classroom. Firstly, teachers can adopt the strategies to change the behavior of a disruptive student to more appropriate behavior. For example, if a student is continuously shouting across the classroom to other students then the teacher may choose either of two options. One, the teacher may use a simple praise tactic such as smiling with the student when he/she remains quiet in the seat or openly praising the behavior when it occurs. Secondly, the teacher may apply the nega tive reinforcement of ignoring the behavior providing that it does not cause damage to the said student or anyone else within the classroom. In ignoring the behavior the teacher does not give the student the attention that is craved by the student. In addition, the teacher may provide rewards on a minute basis such as praising the student whenever the teacher catches the student displaying the appropriate behavior. This act of rewarding appropriate behavior and negatively reinforcing inappropriate behavior is one example of learning for the behaviorists. In spite of these advantages to the classroom, the behaviorist theory has drawbacks to its use within the classroom setting. Firstly, Standridge (2002) suggests that behaviorists explore the observable behavior of individuals therefore the internal workings such as thought patterns, feelings and emotions are not included in the idea of behaviorism. Further, behaviorism considers learning that takes place due to the interaction of re inforcement and punishment but no consideration is given to behaviors that occur outside of these two elements. Moreover, Piaget suggests that individuals learn through adaption of new information into their schema. The behaviorist th

Energy Performance of Curtain Wall

Energy Performance of Curtain Wall Introduction Building envelope is used to separate the conditioned and unconditioned environment, the material used in envelop will affect the indoor environment of the building. For a commercial building, the electricity consumption of HVAC system and lighting system is related to the features of the curtain wall system, such as U-value, shading coefficient and visible transmittance. The energy performance of each curtain wall system will be studied in this chapter and it can separate into three sections: 1) U-value and Energy Consumption of HVAC system, 2) Shading Coefficient and Energy Consumption of HVAC system and 3) Visible Transmittance and Energy Consumption of Lighting system. U-value and Energy Consumption of HVAC system According to Bougdah (2009), U-value, a thermal transmittance coefficient, is used to measure the insulation property of a building element. As thermal insulation of curtain wall may affect the energy consumption of the building, the relationship between U-Value and energy consumption of HVAC systems is studied in order to analyze the energy performance of various curtain wall system. Based on table 6.2.1, the relationship between U-value and energy consumption of HVAC systems can be shown. The U-value of curtain wall system is directly proportional to the annual energy consumption of HVAC system. With higher values of U-value, the energy performance of the curtain wall system becomes poorer and it requires more electricity as the heat can more easily transfer from outdoor to indoor. On the contrary, the lower in U-value, curtain wall system can perform better energy consumption in HVAC system. Table 6.2.1 U-value and Energy Performance of HVAC System of Targeted Curtain Wall Figure 6.2.1 Relationship between U-Value and Energy Consumption of HVAC System Figure 6.2.1 demonstrates the directly proportional relationship between U-value and energy consumption of HVAC system obviously. With the saw-tooth pattern of the line chart, there are some types of curtain wall system which have three layers of glazing require more energy than two layers one. It means that there are other factors, such as shading coefficient, which may also affect the energy performance of the HVAC system. The relationship between shading coefficient and annual energy consumption of HVAC system will be discussed in the next section. Shading Coefficient and Energy Consumption of HVAC system According to Ander (2014), the shading coefficient of glass is a measure to determine the solar heat gain through the glazing. Radiation is a method to transfer heat from the outdoor environment to the indoor environment. For commercial buildings with curtain wall system, shading coefficient becomes another major factor that affects the amount of heat transferred to the building. The external envelope of the building is glazing which has lower insulation for heat transmission through radiation. Since the shading coefficient will affect the energy consumption, the relationship of shading coefficient and energy consumption of HVAC system is studied. Based on the table 6.3.1 below, the shading coefficient of curtain wall is directly proportion to the energy consumption of HVAC system. It means that the amount of annual energy consumption of HVAC system becomes higher with a relatively high shading coefficient of curtain wall system. With the lower of the shading coefficient, the lower the energy consumption of HVAC system, less heat transfer from external environment to internal environment. The major factor affected the shading coefficient of curtain wall system is the type of glazing. In this study, clear glasses and tinted glasses are used in various types of curtain wall. Tinted glass is a common glazing that used to construct the curtain wall system and Pfrommer (1995) stated that the tinting can produce various colours, such as green, bronzer and tinted glass can absorb solar radiation and reduce those heat and light transmission. Tinted glass can perform a better energy saving performance compared with clear glass which do not contain any chemicals to absorb radiation. However, the price of curtain wall system with tinted glass is more expensive than clear glass. Besides, the number of layers of curtain wall system is another reason affected the shading coefficient of that curtain wall system. It is easy to understand that the radiation transmission becomes lower with a higher number of layers of curtain wall system. Therefore, triple glazed curtain wall with tinted glass has the lowest annual energy consumption while single glazed curtain wall with clear glass has the highest annual energy consumption. Table 6.3.1 Shading Coefficient and Energy Performance of HVAC System of Targeted Curtain Wall Figure 6.2.1 Relationship between shading coefficient and Energy Consumption of HVAC System From the figure 6.2.1 above, a straight proportional relationship between shading coefficient and annual energy consumption of HVAC system can be identified. Type I triple glazed curtain wall system with spectrally low-e tinted glass which has the lowest shading coefficient has the best performance in annual energy consumption of HVAC system. However, Type A single glazed curtain wall system with clear glass which has the highest shading coefficient has the poorest performance in annual energy consumption of HVAC system. Visible Transmittance and Energy Consumption of Lighting System Apart from the attractive appearance, a high portion of natural lighting is another characteristic of curtain wall system. Unlike other external wall construction, curtain wall systems are constructed by glazing elements and more daylighting can pass through to the indoor environment of the building. Efficient Windows Collaborative (2014) stated that visible transmittance is the amount of light in the visible portion of the light spectrum that passes through glasses and it will be influenced by the glazing type, the number of panels, and any glass coatings. Based on the table 6.4.1 and figure 6.4.1, lighting transmittance is inversely proportional to the annual energy consumption of the lighting system. With a higher value of lighting transmittance, the amount of annual energy consumption of lighting system becomes lower. It means that more visible light transmitted from the external environment to internal environment and the target building can save more energy in lighting system. However, more energy is used in lighting system in case the value of lighting transmittance is in a small value. In this study, two factors affect the lighting transmittance of curtain wall can be identified. The first reason is the number of layers. More layers can increase the thickness of curtain wall, thus less visible daylighting can pass through curtain wall. This is easy to understand that triple glazed curtain wall system blocks more lighting than single glazed curtain wall and double glazed curtain wall system. The second reason is the type of glazi ng. From table 6.4.1, clear glasses always have higher lighting transmittance than tinted glasses. As mentioned above, tinted glasses can reduce light transmission. Although it performs good energy saving in HVAC system, it consumes more energy in lighting system. Table 6.4.1 Visible Transmittance and Energy Performance of Lighting System of Targeted Curtain Wall Figure 6.4.1 Relationship between Visible Transmittance and Annual Energy Consumption of Lighting System From the above figure 6.4.1, the inversely proportional relationship between visible transmittance and annual energy consumption of lighting system is shown. Type I triple glazed curtain wall system with spectrally low-e tinted glass which has the lowest visible transmittance has the poorest performance in annual energy consumption of lighting system. Nevertheless, Type A single glazed curtain wall system with clear glass which has the highest visible transmittance has the best performance in annual energy consumption of lighting system. Overall Performance in Energy Performance After assessment, the performance of each curtain wall system can be assessed. Using the ranking as the score to calculate the performance of curtain wall, curtain wall system with a higher performance score means they perform better in energy consumption of Building A. The performance ranking is converted to score from 1 (the poorest performer) to 10 (the best performer). As around 70% of electricity is consumed by HVAC system normally, the over score is equal to â€Å"HVAC System Score x 70% + Lighting System Score x 30%†. Based on the following table, Type J obtains the highest score in this study, whereas type B obtain the lowest score in this study. Table 6.5.1 Score of Targeted Curtain Wall System Type A Curtain Wall System Type A curtain wall is constructed by single glazed with clear glass. As there is only one layer of glass, the U-value of curtain wall is the lowest. Clear glass used in Type A cannot absorb radiation but it can provide more visible lighting to Building A. From the above reason, Type A obtains the highest score in lighting system and the lowest score in HVAC system. Type B Curtain Wall System Single glazed with tinted glass curtain wall system is similar to Type A curtain wall system. Nevertheless, tinted glass is used in this curtain wall system. Type B curtain wall system has a relatively low shading coefficient and visible transmittance compared with Type A curtain wall system. Type C Curtain Wall System Type C curtain wall system is double glazed with low-e tinted glass. The low-e coating can minimize the amount of ultraviolet and infrared light that pass through glass. As there is air space between two glasses, the U-value of curtain wall is lower than curtain wall system with one layer. And less heat can be transferred from the external environment to the internal environment since tinted glasses can reduce the heat transmittance through radiation. Type D Curtain Wall System Type D curtain wall system is double glazed with low-e clear glass. Compared with Type C, it has better performance in annual energy consumption of lighting system as it has a higher value in visible transmittance. However, clear glass has a poor performance in thermal insulation in which the amount of heat transmitted through radiation is higher than Type C. Type E Curtain Wall System The emissivity level of Type E curtain wall system is lower than 0.1. With a spectrally low-e value, U-value and shading coefficient of the curtain wall system will be reduced and the energy consumption of HVAC system also can be reduced. However, the visible transmittance will be reduced because of the low-e coating. Type F Curtain Wall System Like Type E curtain wall system, it performs a better performance than Type D in saving energy of HVAC system because of spectrally low-e coating. On the contrary, the annual energy consumption of Type F curtain wall system in lighting system is higher than Type D which has the same number of layers as Type E curtain wall system Type G Curtain Wall System Type G curtain wall system is constructed by three layers of tinted glass and its U-value is higher than previous curtain wall systems. It has a better thermal insulation compared to one layer and two layers because of increasing in thickness and number of air space. It ranks no.3 in this assessment because of its low value of shading coefficient and U-value. Type H Curtain Wall System Triple glazed with low-e clear glass has same U-value as Type G. Nevertheless, the visible transmittance of Type H curtain wall system is higher than Type G since Type H curtain wall uses clear glasses which cannot absorb radiation. As mentioned before, the thermal insulation of clear glass is relatively lower than tinted glass used in Type G. Type I Curtain Wall System In this assessment, Type I has the highest score. The emissivity of Type I curtain wall system is lower than 0.1. The U-Value and shading coefficient of Type I are lower than Type G system and it has the best performance in annual energy consumption of HVAC system. Type J Curtain Wall System Triple glazed with spectrally low-e clear glass has a better performance than Type I in the energy consumption lighting system. However, more heat can be transferred to indoor as shading coefficient of clear glasses is higher than Type I. It still ranks no.2 in energy consumption because of three layer glass and spectrally low-e coating of curtain wall. In figure 6.5.1, U-value and shading coefficient are direct proportion to the annual energy consumption of HVAC system and it means that both of them may affect the energy consumption directly. For energy consumption of lighting system, visible transmittance can influence the curtain wall performance. However, an interesting results is identified. The influence of shading coefficient is more obvious compared to U-value. Using Type B and Type D curtain wall system as an example, although Type B and Type D have similar amounts of annual energy consumption in lighting system, the U-value of type B is much higher than type D. It shows that the shading coefficient of curtain wall system is in the first priority during making decision on the types of curtain wall system. Figure 6.5.1 Overall Performance of targeted building in HVAC System

Innocence in The Boy in the Striped Pajamas by John Boyne :: John Boyne, The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas

"The Boy in the Striped Pajamas" explores the beauty of a child's innocence in a time of war: Bruno, an eight year old boy at the time of the war, is completely oblivious to the atrocities of the war around him - even with a father who is a Nazi commandant. The title of the book is evidence to this - Bruno perceives the concentration camp uniforms as "striped pajamas." Further evidence is the misnomers "the Fury," (the Furher) and "Out-With" (Auschwitz). Bruno and Shmuel, the boy he meets from Auschwitz, share a great deal in common but perhaps what is most striking is the childhood innocence which characterizes both boys. Bruno is unaware that his father is a Nazi commandant and that his home is on ther periphery of Auschwitz. Shmuel, imprisoned in the camp, seems not to understand the severity of his situation. When his father goes missing, Shmuel does not understand that he has gone to the gas chamber. However, there is another facet to this beauty: "Where ignorance is bliss, 'tis folly to be wise" - so says Thomas Gray. In reference to this novel, it means that the people that lived in the vicinity of the concentration camp claimed to not know what was going on in the camp, so they could be "blissfully ignorant" of the Holocaust happening around them. This means that they did not have to live with the guilt of knowing what was going on and not doing anything. That is why they would be called "blissful". The quote means that if we are ignorant of something, we don't have to deal with it and are therefore happy. Remote African tribes, for example, are ignorant of the terrible wars going on elsewhere on their continent. So, they are happy. They are ignorant, and they are blissful. In the modern world, there are few places where this situation exists anymore, however. So, too, in World War II. We didn't have the Internet then, but there were other ways to find out what was going on in Nazi Germany. Do you think it is feasible that the Germans did not know what was going on? Do you think they were "blissful" because they were ignorant of the situation? A lot of them tried to claim this after the war was over. "We didn't know!" Most people do not buy this. How could they not know? Come on! The stench of burning bodies was everywhere.

Bankers Perception on Islamic Banking

Shari’a supervision plays an essential role in the governance of IFIs. It has different forms at macro and micro levels. (Chris Pierce, 1988) Deposits are strictly not considered as loans in the Islamic sense. If it is in the form of money, then he has an obligation to pay Zakat out of it. If these deposits are indeed loans, then it is the banks which should pay zakat on them. In reality,the banks make the depositors pay the zakat , which is injustice. (Alexandra R, Hardie & M. Rabooy, 1991) M. Norain, Ariffin, & M Adnan explained the perceptions and awareness among bankers in Islamic banks is essential to enhance corporate social responsibility. M. Norain, Ariffin, & M Adnan explained that to fulfill the Islamic needs of the society, proper policies have been developed so that there will be no recurring problems in the future relating to the banking system and investment. M. Norain, Ariffin, & M Adnan suggested that Islamic organizations, Islamic banks are accountable to Alla h and to the communities in which they operate and have a duty to be transparent in all their activities. Ethical investment now recently become an issue in the West, and it is very important in the Islamic world and Islamic Banks must work on these principles which fulfill the needs and commitment to the bankers. (Alexandra R. Hardie and M. Rabooy 1991) a serious question arises that whether Islamic Banks are keeping to the rules about partnerships. In this context some scholars believe that the working partner in mudaraba should not mix the capital of the various suppliers of funds; if this is done then the problem is very serious for the Banks, (Alexandra R. Hardie and M. Rabooy, 1991) Malaysian banks experience economies and annual productivity change on a big scale. The latter productivity estimates indicate that full-fledged Islamic banks have overcome some of these cost disadvantages with passage of time. Mariani Abdul-Majida, David S. Saalb,* and Giuliana Battistic (2010) The separation of Islamic from conventional banking services may allow managers to better focus on improving the cost efficiency of Islamic banking where as in the short run, the new Islamic banks will suffer manyr transitional problems. Mariani Abdul-Majida, David S. Saalb,* and Giuliana Battistic (2010) M. Khan & A. Mirakhor (1991) describes economic system which is based on Islamic principles is permanently have the prohibition on the payment and receipt of interest. This restriction makes Islamic banks different from financial institutions in many ways. Islamic banking system in Pakistan was adopted in such a manner to leave the intermediation role of the banking system undisturbed. Where as the banking system in Iran is used as an instrument for achieving the goals and objectives of the Islamic revolution. M. Khan and A. Mirakhor, 1991) Islamic Law prohibits charging interest. financial instruments used by Islamic banks are not based on profit-and-loss sharing (equity) but, debt like instruments are a rational response by Islamic banks to their contracting environments and debt becomes the dominant instrument. (K. Aggarwal & Yousaf, 2000) Egypt's Islamic banks, while observing certain Islamic precepts in their operations, in order to improve their status, these banks fulfils their social mission by enabling their customers according to Islamic needs. Elizabeth Mayer, 1985) Use of existing Islamic financial instruments such as zero coupons bonds, paper for trade finance and unitised securities. There is a need to encourage secondary market development so that instruments can be traded effectively. (Rodney Wilson, 1991) The scope for development of Islamic financial products is vast enough, such products can play a major role not only facilitating the muslim countries but widely promoting the economic advancement. (Ro dney Wilson, 1991)

Self Realization Through Education

Self-Realization through Education Over the past 32 years of my life, I have been both directly and indirectly impacted by numerous social institutions. Without question, education has been the most influential by creating a positive change in my life. There are many benefits to pursuing an education. First, embarking on a rewarding career path has its own rewards such as a generous salary and social prestige. In addition, an individual’s relationships within the institutions of family and marriage are also affected by the presence of an educated head of household.Lastly, the impact of a good education on mental well-being is tremendous since most people feel a sense of accomplishment after earning a college degree. Above all, I believe that education, as a social institution, has helped to shape my mental attitudes towards society as well as mold my sense of identity. Beforehand, I would like to define the term social institution followed by my own interpretation. According t o Merriam-Webster’s dictionary, an institution is defined as â€Å"a significant practice, relationship, or organization in a society or culture† (Institution, 2010).I feel that social institutions in particular are systems which  require society to form social groups; these social groups work towards  their collective goal of attaining desired statuses  and roles within said society. Simply put, a social institution is a system that can be used to attain certain social goals that are predefined by its respective social group, governed by a set of social norms. By adhering to social norms of academia, I have been able to earn an Associate’s degree which aided me in securing a new career.By depending on the institution of education, I have been able to meet one of my social goals and achieve Federal employment status. Social institutions are necessary components within our society in order to maintain and provide individual stability based on institutional dependence. Social institutions such as economy and education can directly correlate with one another. Common sense in today’s society tells us that the more educated a person is, the greater the likelihood that person will acquire high salaried employment.This so-called common sense also entails that a measure of normative isomorphism, or organizational standard, exists in the form of a college degree in order to establish a common â€Å"best practice† (Carter & Clegg, 2007, para 3). Individuals who do not possess the established minimum qualifications for employment are unlikely candidates due to an accepted social perception that said individuals lack the desired aptitude.In effect, being financially secure and having a  successful career that requires a college degree grants a sense of stability in the household. Family is considered to be another social institution and is affected by other social institutions, specifically economy and education. The involvement of the two latter social institutions has a great impact on the quality of life and stability of any given household. Herbert Spencer referred to institutions by using the analogy of society as if it were an â€Å"organism† (Henning, 2007, para 3).Basically, institutions are compared to the organs of the body since they too properly function only with effective interdependence. With respect to family, I believe that children are likely to grow up to become responsible members of society if they are raised in a household with educated parents. Seeking higher learning only strengthens the institution of family through both tangible and intangible benefits. Stability in the household, both emotional and financial, is directly affected by the level of education held by the working person.Indeed, family members traditionally benefit from the financial rewards which are bestowed upon the college-educated provider within the household. However, there are a multitude of intangible be nefits conferred upon graduation from a college or university. Social prestige, self-confidence, time management skills, and the ability to think critically are the most notable benefits. Abraham Maslow, a noted psychologist and theorist, developed a theory on human motivation that is widely known as a hierarchy of needs.After a person meets their esteem needs, he or she will seek to fulfill their potential through a process of self-actualization (Myers, 2010, pp 446-47, 564-65). Throughout this process, I feel that education is a key component towards self-actualization. In conclusion, by utilizing the institution of education, I am learning valuable life skills necessary to become a productive and successful member of society, as well as realize my true potential. References Carter, C. & Clegg, S. 2007). New institutional theory. The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Sociology. G. Ritzer (Ed. ). Retrieved from http://www. blackwellreference. com Henning, C. (2007). Institution. The Blackw ell Encyclopedia of Sociology. G. Ritzer (Ed. ). Retrieved from http://www. blackwellreference. com Institution. (2010). In Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. Retrieved June 13, 2010 from http://www. merriam-webster. com/dictionary/institution Myers, D. G. (2010). Psychology (9th ed. ). New York, NY: Worth.